Jasminum is a genus in the family of the olive family (Oleaceae). To this genus includes some important aromatic and ornamental plants such as jasmine or the real winter jasmine.
Description There are, in both deciduous species, as well as evergreen, woody species. Many species are climbers (lianas), there are also upright growing small trees and shrubs. The stems of the plants are often harsh and angular. The leaves can be both as alternate on opposite sides, in rare cases quirlständig. They are simple, three-piece or odd pinnate.
The inflorescences are in principle Zymo, but may grapes very different forms - or accept rispenartig, doldenförmig or köpfchenförmig -. In some species, such as the winter jasmine, the flower heads are also often reduced individual flowers.
The flowers are hermaphrodite heterostyl in most species. The sepals are usually bell-or tube-grown tiny, usually with four to nine calyx lobes. The crown consists of a long, narrow corolla tube and four to 16, in most species, only four to six wheel shaped extended lobes. The color of the crown is usually white or yellow, reddish pink in some species also bleak. The buds and the corolla tube on the other hand often dyed red. In many species, the flowers smell strong and pleasant.
The zweifächrige ovary grows into a black, two-bay, with some species also one half of the berry is reduced regularly.
Occurrence
The species of the genus are originally from tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia and the Pacific islands, so the Old World. A few species also comes from the Mediterranean area (Jasminum fruticans) or from the Canary Islands or the Azores.
However, many species are cultivated outside their homes because of their flowers or their fragrance. Some species are in different parts of the world run wild.
Most species grow in thickets or bushes, for example along the edges of forests and rivers.
The Chinese rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) is a plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae). The species is in Belgium and the Netherlands kept as a houseplant. The plant originates from tropical Asia. In Asia, this plant is widely planted and can grow more than 4 m tall. Often the species used as a hedge. The Indonesian name of the plant is "kembang sepatu", meaning "shoe flower" means.
The long leaves are narrow-to broad-ovate. They are 5-15 cm long and 2.5 to 8 cm wide. In wild type leaf margin is sharply cut, as there are cultivars with less sharply serrated leaf margins or even gift.
The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils, and even on the same plant vary greatly in size. The largest flowers have a diameter of 20 cm. The flowers consist of seven to ten petals. The wild species has crimson red flowers, but there are cultivars developed with white, yellow, salmon, lilac, dark and mixed colored flowers. There are also cultivars with double flowers developed. Also, there are cultivars with colorful leaves (called "variegata' cultivars).
Affection (from Latin ad and facer, "something with someone do somebody done doing") are positive emotions or feelings that arise from recognition of one's own values in the character of another, usually in the context of relationships between people or life companions.
Form
Affection may include both express themselves in love: brother or sister love, the love between child and parents or other bonds of love (platonic love), and the other in worship, friendship, companionship, love, attraction, adoration and submission.
In the English-speaking countries we sometimes speak of a public display of affection, showing attracted to each other by an act in public, for example, walking from partners while ze holding hands so everyone can see that they love each other and together hear.
Popular use
The term is popular affection used to a feeling or a kind of personal relationship to appoint beyond goodwill or friendship. By ethical writers the term used for states of feeling, both long and regular. Some argue against the passion free affection because of distinguishing sensual component.
Affection refers to the emotional state in relation to persons. In that sense it is the Greek pathos, as it occurs in the writings of the philosophers René Descartes (France) and Baruch Spinoza (Netherlands) and in many writings of the early British ethicists. Yet again on different grounds difference with passion: affection holds no fear or excitement. There is also a complete absence of the sensory element.
In the narrower sense affection is linked to the social or parental affections, and is seen as a form of moral obligation of parents to children.
Psychology
In psychology the term affection plays a major role. The experimental psychologists show any emotion is a kind of mental affection. In his theory, distinguishes the American psychologist Henry Murray affection five forms: spend time with other people, care for other people, have fun with others, others reject it, and helped or protected by others.
Agape (Greek Αγάπη; the Latin caritas) refers to a Greek word for love, which is famous by the New Testament and outside of the Greek term for solid, but differs in meaning (in time before it) clearly of Eros, Philia and Stoika .
In Catholic and Protestant parishes Agape is also the name of a common meal for a special church service, for example, after the Easter Vigil or a wedding. The word is based on the "love feast" of early Christianity.
Etymology
The Greek verb agapao means be satisfied with something, "but also" treat someone with respect, prefer. Plotinus used the term for the descending love: one of the subject outgoing, free activity, so the lesser increases, while the soaring love, Eros, a state of being determined is through something not provided by the subject, and the urge for this somewhat.
Importance
The Greek New Testament agape means without exception God's pure and divine love. Agape is thus an unconditional, unilateral, liberating, centered on other love.
The further significance: Agape does not mean directly that kind of love that is in the German language usually associated with the term "love" but rather a spiritual and metaphysical "connection between people. At Agape, it is not (excluded) in partnership love, but one (including) Community love.
This love may include the fraternal correction, to which the faithful are obliged by the Roman Catholic understanding. For Pope Benedict XVI. Agape is also the name for the sacrament of Holy Eucharist. He deals in his first encyclical in detail with the theme of selfless love.
Love is, according to Paul of Tarsus, the highest of the three Christian virtues: faith, hope and love (1 Corinthians 13:13). Agape is disinterested love, which loves even its enemies. Compare to the words of Jesus on the cross: "Lord, forgive them for they know not what they do."
In 1 Corinthians 13.1-13 LUT, the Song of Songs of Love, Paul gives a detailed characterization of Agape.
Agape as Liebesmahlfeier
Paul criticized in the first Letter to the Corinthians, their practice, that each to Agape (Liebesmahlfeier) ate only himself Packed and not informed, so that differences between the actually same community members were visible (the community was in fact in Agape and the Eucharist as "one flesh" because they had tasted of the "one bread", the body of Jesus Christ).
In the early church was the Agape is a synonym for the Eucharist. This brought the Christian with food and wine, were ble
ssed and then eaten together. Thus the Agape fulfilled in addition to the ritual, a charitable task. The practice of the Eucharist as ordinary meal probably dates from the Jewish kiddush celebrations on the Sabbath. This is at least in liberal Jewish communities after church still held a meal.
Today, Agape also referred to an ordinary meal of the Christian community, for example, following a church service.
Baptist Liebesmahlfeier
To promote cohesion and community among the otherwise largely autonomous Baptist churches were in line with the so-called early Christian Agape Liebesmahlfeiern performed. In a given region invited individual communities surrounding the sister churches to such a celebration.
Especially popular this national holidays (New Year's Day, May 1st, the Day of German Unity, etc.) and religious holidays (Reformation, Repentance and Prayer, 2nd Day, 2nd day of Easter, Pentecost was second). Each community had its fixed Liebesmahltermin and that day was hostess for the other communities.
At these events played next sermon, prayer, community and shared meals personal experiences from the everyday life of faith an important role. Only a few Baptist churches they still have this tradition.
The process of flowering is called anthesis.
Anthesis Before opening the flower bud is similar to the one-wintering buds. In the petals serve as protection. The opening of the flower bud can be achieved by various mechanisms:
* Reversible accumulation of ions. This has been clearly demonstrated to date just in Gentiana kochiana.
* Programmed cell death in defined areas of the petals.
* Loss of water a day and refilling during the night. This occurs for example in Silene Saxifraga, which is nachtblühend and the petals roll up on the day due to water loss.
* Differential growth of the outside and inside of the petals. In tulip petals, the inner side of the lower 10 ° C growth optimum than the outside, leading to an opening in the morning and closing in the evening.
An important factor for the spread of the petals is the increase of turgor, which usually is done by increasing the sugar concentration due to degradation of high molecular weight carbohydrates (starch such as roses, daylilies around fructans). This is accompanied by an expansion of the cell wall. The information on the role of plant hormones are contradictory in the literature. [15] The opening of the flowers is triggered by external factors. In nachtblühenden species often is the increased humidity in the evening the trigger. On increase in temperature are particularly Vorfrühlingsblüher (Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), crocus (Crocus spp.)). A third group reacts to light, such as the daisy (Bellis perennis). The opening and closing of long-lived flowers by day or night is done by the same mechanisms and is subject to an endogenous rhythm. The cell physiological and especially the genetic background of the flowers opening and closing are not well known until now.
The closing of the flowers can be achieved by differential growth or by reversible Turgoränderungen. In these cases, a repeated opening and closing is possible. Turgor by senescence leads to the permanent closure of the flower.
Pollination Herkogamie: When the ovary is caper about the stamina raised (here Capparis spinosa)
Pollination is the transfer of male pollen to the female organs of conception: the micropyle in gymnosperms, the scars in the angiosperms. The pollination is therefore not the same as fertilization. Pollination can this happen with the pollen of the same individual (self-pollination, autogamy), or with the pollen of another individual (cross-pollination, allogamy).
Self-pollination, however, the reduced genetic variability. There are various adaptations of plants to avoid self-pollination or self-fertilization:
* Herkogamie is the spatial separation of anthers and stigmas, so that a selfing is not possible. When caper (Capparis spinosa), the whole stamp is lifted by Gynophor, so the scar is above the anthers in the approach path of pollinating insects.
* Dichogamy is the temporal separation of the maturation of stamens and ovary. Accordingly, there are predecessors (Proterandrie) and vorweibliche flowers (Proterogynie). The simultaneous maturity called homogamy.
Dichogamy and Herkogamie can indeed prevent the pollination within a flower, but not from one flower to another of the same plant (Geitonogamie). Therefore, many species have developed other mechanisms to avoid:
Pollination by birds (Ornithophily), here by a Rufous Hummingbird
In Central Europe provides most of the honey bee pollination work
* Self-incompatibility: This is prevented by genetic factors, a self-fertilization. Often such incompatibility systems also morphologically recognizable (Heteromorphie) are: a well-known example is the heterostyly the primroses (Primula).
There are, depending on the type of pollinator three major adaptation syndrome: pollination by wind (Anemophily), water (hydrophilic) and animals (zoophilia). The gymnosperms are wind-pollinated primary, while the first angiosperms were probably tierbestäubt primary. Only secondarily have developed several times within the angiosperms wind and water pollination. The main features of each syndrome are:
* Anemophily: inconspicuous flowers reduced, organ number, or Monözie Diözie frequently, dense, often hanging inflorescences; little or no Pollenkitt; smooth pollen surface, scars with a large surface, one or few ovules per flower and no nectar.
* Hydrophilicity: inconspicuous flowers; Monözie Diözie or frequent, occurrence of air tissues; unwettable pollen walls, filamentous pollen grains, stigmas and large surface, or a few seeds per plant flowering.
* Zoophilia: The tierbestäubten plant is not flowering as a morphological unit in the foreground, but the flower as a functional unit. This often corresponds to the blossom of a flower (tulip), but often many flowers are united into a flower, which is then called Pseudanthium. Examples are all composites (such as the daisy) and Umbelliferae (carrot). Rare is the case that a flower is several flowers, as in the iris (Meranthium). The main features of zoophilic flowers are hermaphroditic flowers or pseudanthia; Angiospermie, bold color and / or smell, pollen and / or nectar as food supply, or Täuscheinrichtungen; pollen surface and heavily sculpted much Pollenkitt.
Fertilization In the gymnosperms, the pollen grains reach the micropyle of the ovules. Usually they are drawn by pollination to drying of the drop in the pollen chamber. In the pollen chamber, depending on the clan, the sperm released and the pollen tubes germinate. Between pollination and fertilization may take up to six month (some cycads).
In the angiosperms the pollen grain reaches the stigma of the stamp. A special Pollenschlauchleitgewebe can reach the pollen tube from the stigma to the ovules. Does the overgrown pen only a single tissue so that pollen tubes can reach the stigma of a carpel of the ovules of another fruit leaf, called the whole of the vascular tissue Compitum.
Are the pollen tubes or sperm reached the egg, it comes to proper fertilization. In the angiosperms, in Gnetum and Ephedra there is a double fertilization: In the angiosperms of either sperm nuclei fuses with the egg and forms the zygote. The second fuses with the diploid embryo sac already core to the triploid Endospermkern from which arises the nutritive tissue (endosperm) of the seeds. In Ephedra, the second sperm nucleus fuses with the ventral canal cell of the archegonium, merge the two Gnetum in sperm cells with two Gametophytenzellen. Of the two resulting zygotes developed in each case usually only one.
After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo, the ovule to the seed and the flower to the fruit.
Senescence The flowers are used as sexual organs in plants always made new, in contrast to those of animals. The lifetime is accurately measured, since flowers consume large resources, and the scar is also a key entry point for pathogens. Already pollinated flowers were pollinated with non-compete unnecessarily to pollinator.
An important trigger for senescence (aging) is the pollination with pollen. This significantly reduced in most species, the life of the flower. In many plants, pollination triggers the formation of the plant hormone ethylene, which in turn triggers the senescence of the petals. Other species are insensitive to ethylene, their senescence mechanism is unknown. On organ-level crown die after pollination, from the stamens and pistil, while the ovary to fruit development. The decay is accompanied by a remobilization of the ingredients, similar to the senescence of leaves.
